What some Authors had Written about Learning

Antoni Zabala Vidiella (2000). In his book “The educational practice. How to teach ”, talks about the interactive relationships in the class; the role of the teacher and the student, the distribution of time and the organization of content. The author offers guidelines and orientations on how to approach educational action in the classroom from the perspective that facilitates the analysis and reflection in a coherent way as the conditions present at a given moment allow. The author considers that the knowledge of the variables that intervene in practice and the experience to master these variables generate the process of improving the learning process. It also explains how educational practice can be viewed from a dynamic perspective. (one) Malcolm Knowles (1984). He introduced the theory of andragogy (a set of teaching techniques aimed at educating adults). He takes from Carl Rogers the Aristotelian notion of entelechy (tendency of each being to seek the actualization [full manifestation] of their own potentialities). He believes that human beings, in a favorable social climate, will tend to seek and do what is best for them to achieve their own development. On the other hand, he assumes from Kurt Lewin, his field theory, derived from Physics. According to this, there is a vital space that includes all the facts and elements that affect human behavior at any given time. These facts and elements are in the subjective vision of people, and can build points of support or resistance to achieve their goals. The andragogical proposal focuses on the person, on all the vital fulfillment that can be achieved, and not on the fact of being a part of a larger system. Julio C. Valdez (2012). He considers that Knowles' proposal emphasizes a technological development (know-how), rather than a theoretical deepening, he states that, "he does not assume an approach to a learning theory, to support his findings." (two) Other authors consider that Knowles' principles do not correspond to a "theory of adult learning", but to a description of adult learning. (3)

Roberto Mills Gagné (1996). Write an article on “learning processes and instruction”. Gagné's theory is built on the internal and external conditions that favor optimal learning. In the interns, he considers the processing of the information. Learning for the teacher is "a process of change in the capacities of the individual, which produces persistent states, and is different from maturation or organic development." New learning is known to be acquired when there is a change in behavior, and this learning usually occurs through the interaction of the individual and his environment. Gagné considers that the learning process "begins with motivation in which an expectation is created that motivates learning." The understanding phase follows, in which the learner's attention is drawn to what is important, and thus the learner is encouraged. Subsequently, the acquisition and retention phase begins, where the transition from the unlearned to the learned occurs. In the retention phase, the learning stays in the short-term memory, here the information is increased and new information can be integrated into the existing structure. When accumulated, it is used in long-term memory, which enters the memory phase and in this, the teacher intervenes by asking questions or exercises that make it easier for the student to remember the learning acquired. The generalization phase in which the transfer occurs, there are a variety of contexts for indications aimed at retrieval. The last two phases of the learning process are: the execution, in which we will observe the performance of the new acquired behavior, and the feedback, where the teacher will indicate a series of elements to the student, observing his learning process. ” (4)

The educational value of this theory consists in how it highlights the importance of making students aware of the principles that govern learning, where they have executive control of their learning and that what is important is "learning to learn". 1.-Pedagogical series, theory and practice, author: Antonio ZabalaVidiella, 7ª. Edition, April 2000. 2.- academia.edu/ critical view of Knowles' speech 3.- experience and learning, mediadoblogspost.mx, Lic. Byron Osorio 4.-learning theories, Roberto Gagné, uovirtual.com.mx